[Social] – Dark Side of Technology
by Inju Choi (ASD Grade 11)
These days, humanity is in the era of digital capitalism, in which artificial intelligence is involved in various fields. The involvement of A.I. seems to enhance peopleโs lifestyles. However, the growth of the digital economy has dramatically changed the price of labor and increased the unemployment rate; factors of production have shown the greatest difference. Previously, the factors of production were defined as lands, capitals, and labor. Currently, they are characterized as internet, data, and labor. Moreover, some experts have acknowledged that the oil of the 21st century is data. Surprisingly, during past decades, data-based global IT business has shown a striking growth. Despite the skyrocketing importance of data, there is no proper solution or countermeasure to equally share the wealth made by data accumulated by the public sources.
Employment is discussed as a problem invoked by technology involvement. Labor, with the exception of some regular workers, are becoming increasingly simplified. In other words, platform workers are increasing. Platform workers are individual part-time workers who work on the platform companies after making a temporary contract as needed; however, they canโt receive the welfare benefits of various permanent workers.
I interviewed with a few platform workers in Dubai. Their salary was mainly based on hours of working, and there’s additional incentives per delivery; they expressed satisfaction with their salary. However, they complained about their working conditions; their jobs were highly unstable, especially, during the quarantine period, many co-workers were fired. Furthermore, they have appealed that their platform company doesnโt provide any services, which they have to pay for their own insurance and transportation.
Moreover, as it is in the blind spots of various social insurance, employment insurance, and natural pension, there is a problem in social safety. With the growth of digital companies, and as such a problem arises, it is necessary to provide financial resources for welfare benefits for them. To make the matter worse, their jobs arenโt guaranteed stable employment. Currently, Korea has the second-highest technology adoption rate in the world after Singapore by employing 774 robots per ten thousand workers. As a result, many regular, permanent employees have become unemployed and become platform workers.
The development of artificial intelligence has brought countless positive changes, but many researchers claim that humanity needs a solution to share the wealth of data. Digital tax is recently discussed by researchers as a solution. Digital tax is a tax imposed by each country separately from corporate tax on sales generated by global IT companies in their own country. Currently, Koreans get sales in Singapore, where taxes are low, and when they sign up for Premier YouTube, the fee is paid to the US subsidiary. In 2020, the G20 finance minister passed the digital tax agreement. As data accumulates on the internet, a change in profit distribution is necessary.
These days, the unemployment rate has increased due to the involvement of robots. As a result, the number of homeless in California increased by 16.4%, which is strikingly higher than any place in the United States. This extreme gap between rich and poor could cause serious problems in the future. Even for digital companies, no matter how good a business performs, capitalism itself can be shaken because the public who will consume it disappears. To prevent this from happening, the solution proposed is a universal basic income system (UBI).
Many opposing views have been proposed against the basic income system. In particular, there are many opinions that the basic income system makes people lazy and has little effect on promoting consumption. On the contrary, the Finnish government paid $623 per month to the Finnish unemployed for two years and analyzed their life patterns. An increase in the employment rate was minimal; however, their quality of life was remarkably improved. Confidence in the system and in the ability to handle situations has increased. Although the basic income system may not be the best time to prevent future changes in society due to artificial intelligence, it is certainly the best time for all the people to be interested and seek new alternatives through social consensus.
์ธ๋ฅ๋ ํ์ฌ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋์งํธ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ ์๋๋ก ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํ๋ฐฉ์์ ํฅ์์ํค๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ ธ๋์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋ณํ๊ณ ๋๋ ์ค์ง์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทน์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฐ ์์์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ ํ ์ง, ์๋ณธ, ๋ ธ๋๋ ฅ์ด ์์ฐ์ 3 ์์์์ง๋ง ํ์ฌ๋ ์ธํฐ๋ท, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ, ๋ ธ๋๋ ฅ์ด ๊ผฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค. โ21์ธ๊ธฐ ์์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆด ๋งํผ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ค์ํด์ก๊ณ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ IT ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ด๋ชฉํ ๋งํ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ ์ธํฐ๋ท๋ง์ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ค ๋ถ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ณตํํ๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฐฐํ ์ ์ ํ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์ด๋ ๋์ฑ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํด ๋ ธ๋์ ๊ฐ์น๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์ ๊ท์ง ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋ ธ๋์ ๊ฐ์๋ก ๋จ์ํ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ํ๋ซํผ ๋ ธ๋์๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ๋ซํผ ๋ ธ๋์๋ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ๊ณ ํ๋ซํผ ๊ธฐ์ด์์ ์ผํ๋ ํน์๊ณ ์ฉ์ง์ด๋ผ ๋ณต์งํํ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ค.
๋๋ฐ์ด์์ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ ์ผ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ํ๋ซํผ ๋ ธ๋์์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ด๊ธ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌด์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ํด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ ๋น ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์๋น์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋น๊ต์ ์๊ธ์๋ ๋ง์กฑํ์ง๋ง ๊ทผ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ถํ์ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ง์ ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ถ์์ ํ๊ณ , ํนํ ์ฝ๋ก๋์ ํ์ฐ ์ดํ, ๋ง์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ด ํด๊ณ ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ดค๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๋ณดํ๊ณผ ๊ตํต๋น๋ฅผ ์ค์ค๋ก ์ง๋ถํด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ฉํ ํ์ฌ์์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ๋ณต์ง ์๋น์ค๋ ์ ๊ณตํ์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ํธ์ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ซํผ ๋ ธ๋์๋ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์๋ก ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์ ํ ํ๋ซํผ์์ ์ผ์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ ธ๋์๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ข ์ ๊ท์ง์ด ๋ฐ๋ ๋ณต์งํํ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ์์ ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ ๋ณด์ฅ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ ธ๋์๋ค์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ ธ๋์ 1๋ง ๋ช ๋น ๋ก๋ด์ 774๋๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ ์ ๋๋ก ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๋ก๋ด ๋์ ๋ฅ ์ด ์ต์์๊ถ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋์ ๋ฅ ์ ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋ง์ ์ ๊ท์ง ๋ ธ๋์๋ค์ด ์ค์ ์๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ซํผ ๋ ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ๋ง์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ง๋ง ์์ ๋งํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ต๊ทผ ๋์งํธ ์ธ๊ฐ ๋ ผ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์งํธ ์ธ๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ IT ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ์๊ตญ ๋ด์์ ์ผ์ผํจ ๋งค์ถ์ ๋ํด ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒ์ธ์ธ์ ๋ณ๋๋ก ๋ถ๊ณผ๋๋ ์ธ๊ธ์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๊ตฌ๊ธ ์ฑ์คํ ์ด์์ ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ธ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด์์ ๋งค์ถ์ด ์กํ๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด ์ ํ๋ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฒ์ธ์ ์๊ธ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์๋น์๊ฐ ์ด์ฉํ ์๋น์ค์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ธ์ด ์ ๋๋ก ๊ฑทํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ G20 ์ฌ๋ฌด ์ฅ๊ด์ ๋์งํธ ์ธ ํฉ์์์ ํต๊ณผํ๋ค. ์๋๊ฐ ๋ณํ๋ฉด์ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ์ธํฐ๋ท ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ๋งํผ ์ด์ค ๋ถ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ๋ง์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ๋ก๋ด์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ง์ฅ์ ์์๊ณ , ์ด์ค์ ์ป์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ๋ถ๋์ฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์์ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ํญ๋ฑํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํด ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๋ ธ์์๊ฐ 16.4% ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ทน์ฌํ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์งํธ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ ์ ์ฅ์์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ด ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ข์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ์๋นํด ์ค ๋์ค์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ํ๋ค๋ฆด ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด์ IT ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ ๋ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์๋์ ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์๋์ ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌ์ง๊ณ ์๋น ์ฆ์ง ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ณ๋ก ์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ง๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋๋ ์ ๋ถ๋ ํ๋๋ ์ค์ ์๋ค์ ์๋๋ก ์ 70๋ง ์์ฉ 2๋ ๊ฐ ์ง๊ธํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ํํจํด์ ๋ถ์ํด ๋ณด์๋๋ฐ, ๋น๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ฅ ์์น์ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ด ํ์ ํ ๋์์ก๋ค๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๋์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ก๊ณ ์ํฉ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ด ๋์์ก๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์ ์๋ ์ต์ ์ด ์๋์ง๋ผ๋, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ก์ด ๋์์ ๋ชจ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ ์ต์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฆผ์๋ค.