editor's pickENGLISHOPINION

[Social] – Dark Side of Technology

by Inju Choi (ASD Grade 11)

These days, humanity is in the era of digital capitalism, in which artificial intelligence is involved in various fields. The involvement of A.I. seems to enhance peopleโ€™s lifestyles. However, the growth of the digital economy has dramatically changed the price of labor and increased the unemployment rate; factors of production have shown the greatest difference. Previously, the factors of production were defined as lands, capitals, and labor. Currently, they are characterized as internet, data, and labor. Moreover, some experts have acknowledged that the oil of the 21st century is data. Surprisingly, during past decades, data-based global IT business has shown a striking growth. Despite the skyrocketing importance of data, there is no proper solution or countermeasure to equally share the wealth made by data accumulated by the public sources.

Employment is discussed as a problem invoked by technology involvement. Labor, with the exception of some regular workers, are becoming increasingly simplified. In other words, platform workers are increasing. Platform workers are individual part-time workers who work on the platform companies after making a temporary contract as needed; however, they canโ€™t receive the welfare benefits of various permanent workers.

I interviewed with a few platform workers in Dubai. Their salary was mainly based on hours of working, and there’s additional incentives per delivery; they expressed satisfaction with their salary. However, they complained about their working conditions; their jobs were highly unstable, especially, during the quarantine period, many co-workers were fired. Furthermore, they have appealed that their platform company doesnโ€™t provide any services, which they have to pay for their own insurance and transportation.

Moreover, as it is in the blind spots of various social insurance, employment insurance, and natural pension, there is a problem in social safety. With the growth of digital companies, and as such a problem arises, it is necessary to provide financial resources for welfare benefits for them. To make the matter worse, their jobs arenโ€™t guaranteed stable employment. Currently, Korea has the second-highest technology adoption rate in the world after Singapore by employing 774 robots per ten thousand workers. As a result, many regular, permanent employees have become unemployed and become platform workers.

The development of artificial intelligence has brought countless positive changes, but many researchers claim that humanity needs a solution to share the wealth of data. Digital tax is recently discussed by researchers as a solution. Digital tax is a tax imposed by each country separately from corporate tax on sales generated by global IT companies in their own country. Currently, Koreans get sales in Singapore, where taxes are low, and when they sign up for Premier YouTube, the fee is paid to the US subsidiary. In 2020, the G20 finance minister passed the digital tax agreement. As data accumulates on the internet, a change in profit distribution is necessary.

These days, the unemployment rate has increased due to the involvement of robots. As a result, the number of homeless in California increased by 16.4%, which is strikingly higher than any place in the United States. This extreme gap between rich and poor could cause serious problems in the future. Even for digital companies, no matter how good a business performs, capitalism itself can be shaken because the public who will consume it disappears. To prevent this from happening, the solution proposed is a universal basic income system (UBI). 

Many opposing views have been proposed against the basic income system. In particular, there are many opinions that the basic income system makes people lazy and has little effect on promoting consumption. On the contrary, the Finnish government paid $623 per month to the Finnish unemployed for two years and analyzed their life patterns. An increase in the employment rate was minimal; however,  their quality of life was remarkably improved. Confidence in the system and in the ability to handle situations has increased. Although the basic income system may not be the best time to prevent future changes in society due to artificial intelligence, it is certainly the best time for all the people to be interested and seek new alternatives through social consensus.


์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‹ค์ง์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ํ† ์ง€, ์ž๋ณธ, ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ 3 ์š”์†Œ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์›์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ๋งŒํผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ IT ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ด„๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๋ง์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์œค ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ์—†๋‹ค. 

๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ •๊ทœ์ง ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์€ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž„์‹œ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์–ด์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ณ ์šฉ์ง์ด๋ผ ๋ณต์ง€ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. 

๋‘๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ๋‹น ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹น์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต์  ์›”๊ธ‰์—๋Š” ๋งŒ์กฑํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง์—…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์ดํ›„, ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ดค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ตํ†ต๋น„๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 

ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์€ ํ›„ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ข… ์ •๊ทœ์ง์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ณต์ง€ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž 1๋งŒ ๋ช…๋‹น ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ 774๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋„์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„์ž…๋ฅ ์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๊ทœ์ง ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 

์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ๋ž€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ IT ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋งค์ถœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์™€ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์•ฑ์Šคํ† ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์—์„œ ๋งค์ถœ์ด ์žกํžˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑทํžˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ  G20 ์žฌ๋ฌด ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ ํ•ฉ์˜์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์ด์œค ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 

ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋กœ๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง์žฅ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์œค์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‹์— ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘๊ฐ’์€ ํญ๋“ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.  ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๋…ธ์ˆ™์ž๊ฐ€ 16.4% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•ด ์ค„ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ IT ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์†Œ๋“์ œ์ด๋‹ค.

 ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์†Œ๋“์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒŒ์„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„ ์ฆ์ง„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์‹ค์—…์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›” 70๋งŒ ์›์”ฉ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋น„๋ก ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ƒ์Šน์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์†Œ๋“ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์ด ์•„๋‹์ง€๋ผ๋„, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž„์€ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋‹ค.

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